The increasing complexity of industrial relations and vocational education systems necessitates robust, adaptive, and systematically designed in-service training architectures. In the Malaysian Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) context, training and industrial relations personnel play a pivotal role in bridging institutional objectives with industry expectations. However, existing training mechanisms often lack structural coherence, contextual responsiveness, and performance-oriented evaluation. This study proposes a systematic, multi-layered training architecture tailored for Malaysian vocational institutions, integrating theoretical constructs from organizational behavior, collaboration frameworks, and competency-based development. Utilizing a qualitative-analytical methodology grounded in existing literature, the research synthesizes key determinants such as organizational support, leadership models, communication effectiveness, and university-industry collaboration. The proposed architecture emphasizes modular training design, stakeholder integration, and outcome-driven evaluation mechanisms. Findings suggest that structured training frameworks significantly enhance professional competencies, job performance, and institutional alignment with industry demands. The study contributes to both theoretical discourse and practical implementation strategies by offering a scalable and context-sensitive training model. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

In-service training, vocational education, industrial relations, training architecture

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