This paper explores the critical role of human resource development (HRD) efforts in optimizing cooperative performance. Cooperatives, as unique organizational entities driven by collective goals and member participation, rely heavily on the skills, knowledge, and abilities of their workforce to achieve success. Through effective HRD initiatives, cooperatives can cultivate a skilled and motivated workforce, enhance teamwork and collaboration, and foster a culture of continuous learning and improvement. Drawing on theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence, this paper examines the various dimensions of HRD within the cooperative context, including training and development, performance management, leadership development, and employee engagement. By leveraging HRD efforts strategically, cooperatives can strengthen their competitive advantage, adapt to evolving market dynamics, and achieve sustainable growth and success.

India's agricultural sector is a vital part of the country's economy, contributing significantly to the GDP and employing a large portion of the population. The agricultural value chain in India is a complex web of interconnected activities that span from farm production to processing, distribution, marketing, and consumption. The value chain includes many stakeholders like farmers, input suppliers, processors, transporters, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. In this article, the intricacies of India's agri-value chain and highlight of the opportunities for banks in financing its development will be explored.

This study investigates the influence of the BI (Bank Indonesia) rate and foreign finances on the credit circulation of BNI (Bank Negara Indonesia), one of the leading banks in Indonesia. The BI rate, set by the central bank, plays a pivotal role in determining the cost of borrowing and lending in the banking sector. Additionally, foreign finances, including foreign investments and loans, have a significant impact on the liquidity and lending capacity of banks. Using econometric techniques, we analyze the relationship between the BI rate, foreign finances, and BNI's credit circulation over a specified period. Our findings shed light on the extent to which changes in the BI rate and foreign finances affect BNI's credit supply, loan growth, and overall financial performance.